Works Cited

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

"World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC."World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

"Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging    Issues: Policy Research Working Papers." Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging Issues: Policy Research Working Papers. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

": Migration and Social Consequences." : Migration and Social Consequences. N.p., n.d. Web. 25

          March 2014.

"Pathways to Permanent Residency." Pathways to Permanent Residency. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 March

          2014.

             

Key People

Key People:

-Commodore Mathew Perry: United State's steam boat captain who forced Japan to open its ports to trade with the United States.

-Gottlieb Daimler: Invented a prototype of the modern gasoline engine.

-Karl Benz: Inventor of the first practical automobile.

-Muhammad Ali: Commander in the Ottoman army who declared himself as the leader of Egypt. He spent much of his time modernizing Egypt by sending his subjects to Europe to learn of new techniques and machinery that would lead to the industrialization of Egypt. 

-James Watt: Created a more practical steam engine that could be used in various ways.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?

Migrants of the nineteenth century had many pressing issues. One such issue was preserving and transporting their natural culture to their new home. Some people completely threw away their old culture and took on the new. Those who wanted to preserve their culture however had many ways in which they did this. One of the ways in which they did this was adapting to the culture of their new region. Instead of completely adopting to the nation's cultural traditions, they would learn the region's language and traditions. This was in order to not alienate themselves from the community. Another way in which they preserved their cultures was forming clubs and living in close proximity of people with similar heritage. This allowed people to talk with others from their native country. In turn, preserving one's cultural heritage was a product of socializing with others and a personal responsibility.

    A club of the 1800's, containing mostly African American women and some caucasian natives.

Sources:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Key Terms of Unit 5.4: Migration

Key Terms:

Immigration- The act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country .

Emigration-Act of leaving one's country to settle in another.

Automobile-A road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and able to carry a small number of people.

Steam Engine-An engine that uses expansion or condensation of steam to generate power.

Urbanization-The increasing numbers of people in an area.

Factory System-A method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad.

Railroads-A track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.

Industrialization-A period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one.

Foreign-Of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Timeline of Migration From 1800-1900

1807: First steamboat voyage

1808: Foreign slave trade is prohibited in the United States; 50,000 slaves become the first "illegal immigrants" in the US.

Lincoln decided to prohibit foreign slave trade, but not domestic slavery itself.

1816: Irish immigration to the US begins

The Irish immigration of 1816 was met its harsh repercussions. Criticized for their faith (Catholicism), the Irish population was highly discriminated against.

1862: US homestead act is published

The US homestead act was set up to start up migration to Western America.  An acre of land in the West cost about $1.25 per acre.

1863-1869: Central Pacific Railroad begins hiring Chinese and Irish laborers to construct the first Transcontinental Railroad.

July 14, 1870: Neutralization Act of 1870 extends naturalization of slaves

This neutralization act made it easier for aliens of Africa and of African descent to become full citizens or "free white persons".

1870-1880: California sees an influx of Chinese immigrants due to the Gold Rush.

Numerous Chinese immigrants move to California to attain great wealth from the. Abundance of gold deposits.

1880's: First major influx of Europeans to the United States

Massive amounts of Europeans flood into the US, most of them Jews (new repressive laws for Jews in Prussia and Russia) and Italians (trying to escape the unstable economic and political environment of their homeland).

1882: Immigration Exclusion Acts passed

These acts put more restriction on who could immigrate to the United States. Criminals, poor, and the mentally ill were unable to immigrate to the US. The main reason for the passing of this act was to stop the immigration of many Chinese workers, as they were stealing many jobs on the West Coast of the United States.

1886: Construction of the Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French, symbolizing the friendship we share. The statue was seen as a symbol of inviting immigrants into the country.

1886: Carl Benz creates the first automobile

January 2, 1892: Elis Island opens up as an immigrant entry point.

March 28, 1898: Supreme court confirms that the fourteenth amendment gives citizen ship to all those in the United States.

Sources:

"Historical Timeline - Illegal Immigration - ProCon.org." ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

 

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

Reactions to migration varied around the globe. Some factors that determined the opinions of the receiving societies included the economic situation that persisted, cultural traditions, and social interactions between people of different ethnicities. 

Economy: In many places around the world, migration was frowned upon by receiving societies because it created job competition. In many situations foreigners would settle for less pay than local people, and as a result locals were forced out of work. This was seen throughout Europe in the early 1800's as peasants and local farmers complained about the prices of food dropping due to the large amount of crops slaves could produce on plantations. Local farmers were driven out of work and forced to migrate. This negative view often persisted in lower, commoner classes because these people's jobs were most likely to be replaced by emigrants. Despite the negative views displayed by many commoners, wealthy factory and plantation owners loved migration of foreign people because it allowed them to justify their lower wages by claiming food prices were much less expensive. They also hired foreigners more cheaply than locals allowing them to turn a much larger profit.

Culture: When it came to culture, the majority of societies in this time period disliked emigrants. Receiving societies disliked the new ideas and traditions foreigners brought to their country. These new ideas often led to change and sometimes in the most extreme scenarios, revolts. Such was seen in Japan and China in the 1800's. The United States forced Japan to trade with them, and as a result Japan's hundreds of years of seclusion flew out the door. New ideas from the west flowed into Japan. Some people liked it, but the majority of Japanese elites and nobles attempted to throw out western culture.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?

The migration of people during the nineteenth century had many social effects on the region. One such social effect was the spread of older traditions and cultures. People immigrating from Asian and European countries to Britain and the US carried along cultures of their own, which began to spread and affect the traditions and culture of many native people. Another effect of migration, which can be seen both as an economic effect and a social effect, was the new fulfillment of jobs and specialization. The new influx of people settling in new regions became more educated in certain crafts, allowing them to make and do business with natives and other migrants. Migrators also brought with them new goods, whose design and materials were recreated in goods of the native region. So, in turn, the social influx of new migrants benefited not only social life but also other aspects of countries and cities, like the economy. This new boost in economic produce was very beneficial to the government and the wealthy who desired to buy new crafts. Workers and natives however were not so pleased with many migrants as they ran many craftsmen out of jobs. This newfound prejudice and disdain for natives is an example of what is today known as racism. 

    Workers and immigrants from the 1800's working on a railroad

Sources:

": Migration and Social Consequences." : Migration and Social Consequences. N.p., n.d. Web. 25

          March 2014.