Works Cited

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

"World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC."World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

"Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging    Issues: Policy Research Working Papers." Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging Issues: Policy Research Working Papers. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

": Migration and Social Consequences." : Migration and Social Consequences. N.p., n.d. Web. 25

          March 2014.

"Pathways to Permanent Residency." Pathways to Permanent Residency. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 March

          2014.

             

Key People

Key People:

-Commodore Mathew Perry: United State's steam boat captain who forced Japan to open its ports to trade with the United States.

-Gottlieb Daimler: Invented a prototype of the modern gasoline engine.

-Karl Benz: Inventor of the first practical automobile.

-Muhammad Ali: Commander in the Ottoman army who declared himself as the leader of Egypt. He spent much of his time modernizing Egypt by sending his subjects to Europe to learn of new techniques and machinery that would lead to the industrialization of Egypt. 

-James Watt: Created a more practical steam engine that could be used in various ways.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?

Migrants of the nineteenth century had many pressing issues. One such issue was preserving and transporting their natural culture to their new home. Some people completely threw away their old culture and took on the new. Those who wanted to preserve their culture however had many ways in which they did this. One of the ways in which they did this was adapting to the culture of their new region. Instead of completely adopting to the nation's cultural traditions, they would learn the region's language and traditions. This was in order to not alienate themselves from the community. Another way in which they preserved their cultures was forming clubs and living in close proximity of people with similar heritage. This allowed people to talk with others from their native country. In turn, preserving one's cultural heritage was a product of socializing with others and a personal responsibility.

    A club of the 1800's, containing mostly African American women and some caucasian natives.

Sources:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Key Terms of Unit 5.4: Migration

Key Terms:

Immigration- The act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country .

Emigration-Act of leaving one's country to settle in another.

Automobile-A road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and able to carry a small number of people.

Steam Engine-An engine that uses expansion or condensation of steam to generate power.

Urbanization-The increasing numbers of people in an area.

Factory System-A method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad.

Railroads-A track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.

Industrialization-A period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one.

Foreign-Of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Timeline of Migration From 1800-1900

1807: First steamboat voyage

1808: Foreign slave trade is prohibited in the United States; 50,000 slaves become the first "illegal immigrants" in the US.

Lincoln decided to prohibit foreign slave trade, but not domestic slavery itself.

1816: Irish immigration to the US begins

The Irish immigration of 1816 was met its harsh repercussions. Criticized for their faith (Catholicism), the Irish population was highly discriminated against.

1862: US homestead act is published

The US homestead act was set up to start up migration to Western America.  An acre of land in the West cost about $1.25 per acre.

1863-1869: Central Pacific Railroad begins hiring Chinese and Irish laborers to construct the first Transcontinental Railroad.

July 14, 1870: Neutralization Act of 1870 extends naturalization of slaves

This neutralization act made it easier for aliens of Africa and of African descent to become full citizens or "free white persons".

1870-1880: California sees an influx of Chinese immigrants due to the Gold Rush.

Numerous Chinese immigrants move to California to attain great wealth from the. Abundance of gold deposits.

1880's: First major influx of Europeans to the United States

Massive amounts of Europeans flood into the US, most of them Jews (new repressive laws for Jews in Prussia and Russia) and Italians (trying to escape the unstable economic and political environment of their homeland).

1882: Immigration Exclusion Acts passed

These acts put more restriction on who could immigrate to the United States. Criminals, poor, and the mentally ill were unable to immigrate to the US. The main reason for the passing of this act was to stop the immigration of many Chinese workers, as they were stealing many jobs on the West Coast of the United States.

1886: Construction of the Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French, symbolizing the friendship we share. The statue was seen as a symbol of inviting immigrants into the country.

1886: Carl Benz creates the first automobile

January 2, 1892: Elis Island opens up as an immigrant entry point.

March 28, 1898: Supreme court confirms that the fourteenth amendment gives citizen ship to all those in the United States.

Sources:

"Historical Timeline - Illegal Immigration - ProCon.org." ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

 

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

Reactions to migration varied around the globe. Some factors that determined the opinions of the receiving societies included the economic situation that persisted, cultural traditions, and social interactions between people of different ethnicities. 

Economy: In many places around the world, migration was frowned upon by receiving societies because it created job competition. In many situations foreigners would settle for less pay than local people, and as a result locals were forced out of work. This was seen throughout Europe in the early 1800's as peasants and local farmers complained about the prices of food dropping due to the large amount of crops slaves could produce on plantations. Local farmers were driven out of work and forced to migrate. This negative view often persisted in lower, commoner classes because these people's jobs were most likely to be replaced by emigrants. Despite the negative views displayed by many commoners, wealthy factory and plantation owners loved migration of foreign people because it allowed them to justify their lower wages by claiming food prices were much less expensive. They also hired foreigners more cheaply than locals allowing them to turn a much larger profit.

Culture: When it came to culture, the majority of societies in this time period disliked emigrants. Receiving societies disliked the new ideas and traditions foreigners brought to their country. These new ideas often led to change and sometimes in the most extreme scenarios, revolts. Such was seen in Japan and China in the 1800's. The United States forced Japan to trade with them, and as a result Japan's hundreds of years of seclusion flew out the door. New ideas from the west flowed into Japan. Some people liked it, but the majority of Japanese elites and nobles attempted to throw out western culture.

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?

The migration of people during the nineteenth century had many social effects on the region. One such social effect was the spread of older traditions and cultures. People immigrating from Asian and European countries to Britain and the US carried along cultures of their own, which began to spread and affect the traditions and culture of many native people. Another effect of migration, which can be seen both as an economic effect and a social effect, was the new fulfillment of jobs and specialization. The new influx of people settling in new regions became more educated in certain crafts, allowing them to make and do business with natives and other migrants. Migrators also brought with them new goods, whose design and materials were recreated in goods of the native region. So, in turn, the social influx of new migrants benefited not only social life but also other aspects of countries and cities, like the economy. This new boost in economic produce was very beneficial to the government and the wealthy who desired to buy new crafts. Workers and natives however were not so pleased with many migrants as they ran many craftsmen out of jobs. This newfound prejudice and disdain for natives is an example of what is today known as racism. 

    Workers and immigrants from the 1800's working on a railroad

Sources:

": Migration and Social Consequences." : Migration and Social Consequences. N.p., n.d. Web. 25

          March 2014.

How permanent were migrations?

Throughout history, migration has been seen throughout this world. Everyone migrating, however, did not do it for the same reasons. There are nine total groups in which migrants can be divided: temporary labor migrants, irregular, illegal, highly skilled and business migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, family members, returned migrants, and long-term, low skilled migrants. Many of these people, however, had many reasons for their travel. Some of these reasons led to either a temporary or permanent migration. Temporary migration could be involved with people who had to move due their jobs, like some workers and merchants. Permanent migrants however had many unique reasons for their travels. These permanent migrants wanted to establish their residence in this country and hopefully, in time, gain that country's citizenship. One of the primary sorts of people (making up the majority of migrants) were those who wanted to start anew. These migrants hoped to seek fortune in a new place and made up most of the migrant population. So, in turn, a majority of population seemed to be very permanent migrants to new countries. 

    A map showing the migration patterns of Irishman moving from Quebec to parts of the US. This        

    migration was due to the freezing of the St. Lawrence River in Canada

Sources:

"Pathways to Permanent Residency." Pathways to Permanent Residency. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 March

          2014.

             

How were gender roles affected by migration?

Gender Roles:

Due to the rise of factories and widespread industrialization, new work was offered in cities. This work was typically for males only, and a new section of the work force commonly known as "white-collar" jobs began. These jobs persisted of managing, sales, and other various jobs that involved the supervision of workers in factories. As a result of this new work, women began to find new household tasks such as keeping records, upkeep of the house, raising children, and countless other vital roles. Later in this time period, women saw great opportunities in factories. Most of the women who took factory jobs were young, unmarried women who needed a job to support themselves. Women were always paid incredibly small wages, and their working conditions were anything but ideal. Managers and factory owners would often ask for sexual favors from the women workers, and if they did not comply then they would lose their jobs immediately. After a few years of work most of these women left to marry and to take care of children. 

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

What types of migration were voluntary vs. involuntary?

Voluntary vs. Involuntary Migration 1750-1900

-Voluntary: Voluntary migration occurred around the world during this time period due to the search for new jobs created by the Industrial Revolution and the pursuit of new opportunities. People felt inspired by ideas originating from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment causing them to migrate in search of better lives. Such is seen in the migration of Europeans to the Americas in search of religious freedom as well as new work capable of supporting families.

-Involuntary: Involuntary migration occurred during this time period due to the continual use of indentured servants, slaves, and indigenous people for extensive labor projects and agriculture. Huge migration was seen as wealthy patrons in the Americas imported African slaves to work in silver mines and on sugar plantations. These slaves were essential to the global economy as they grew some of the world's most desired commodities including sugar, cocoa beans, and tobacco.  As Asia was forced into the larger global market by powerful Europeans, who had far more advanced weaponry, they began sending ambassadors to Europe and other parts of the world in order to discover new beneficial technology. Penal colonies also played a large role in global migration. In addition, all sorts of ideas, languages, and culture in general were spread across the globe with criminals who were shipped off to distant lands such as the Americas and Australia. 

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

 

What were the economic motives behind migration?

People in the time period of 1750-1900 had many motives for their migrations, many of them economic. One of the main and prominent economic motives for migration was poverty. Many people living in cities worked low-paying jobs that had great benefits for the government. Some people may of migrated to different cities in order to start a new life and hopefully gain prominence. Another economic reason could of been armed conflict. Armed conflict was very draining for citizens with a small amounts of income because of the nature of most societies to take tax to pay for food and weapons for the soldiers. In many societies, it was these lower class people who were attacked most by this tax. This tax on the lower class was one of the attributing reasons for the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century.  Another economic motive for migration was moving due to your job. Many people of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had jobs where they needed to travel in order to stay in business (merchants obviously). One instance of this moving around for your job was during the decline of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Many slave owners and traders moved to places such as Africa or Asia in order to remain in the slave business and keep their slaves.

    A ship arriving at a New York port, carrying numerous Europeans (most of the lower class)

Sources:

"Economic Motives for Migration of Professionals to Western Europe Remain Significant." Economic Motives for Migration of Professionals to Western Europe Remain Significant. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.

Why did people migrate?

-Work: The majority of migration that took place during the Industrial Revolution was a direct result of the search for new work and new opportunities. Thousands of people from Europe started new lives by moving to the Americas seeking more wealth or simply enough wealth to survive. Greedy Europeans moved to the Americas in search of highly valued commodities such as silver and gold. However, Europeans later began making huge sums of money due to the production of cash crops on massive slave plantations. One of the largest migrations seen in this time period was the California Gold Rush of 1848. Settled families in the eastern United States gave up their entire lives in search of riches in the west.

-Crime: From 1750 to 1900 European nations began a system in which they exported their prisoners to far-away colonies. Such is seen in the formerly British penal colony of Australia. European powers also shipped their prisoners to the colonies of America when they maintained control over them. One of the largest penal colonies in the United States was Georgia founded by James Edward Oglethorpe. Georgia created a large border between the British and their fierce rivals, the Spaniards. Because it was a penal colony, Britain did not feel the need to protect Georgia further adding to its benefits. Due to these new methods, much migration was forced during this time period resulting in the spread of ideas and culture from Europe.

Sources:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

 

How did new modes of transportation affect migration?

The invention of steamboats and trains greatly increased the rate people could move around and the amount of people that were able to move. Citizens from many small towns were able to move around efficiently and quickly to new cities. The invention of the automobile in the later nineteenth century allowed people who usually walked from place to place to transport themselves in a car. Although the automobile was very limited to the richer and upper class in the early days of its creation, steamboats and trains made quick access to cities for all classes possible. Although much of this transportation was restricted to certain areas and many modes of moving around were subject to bandits and robberies, it was a great step in the technological movement, leading up to the modern day technologies.

    Steamboat of the early 1860's

    An early automobile circa 1886

Sources:

"Time.com." Business Money The Economics of Immigration Who Wins Who Loses and Why Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?

The Industrial Revolution had a prodigious impact on migration from 1750-1900.

-Industrialization: New innovations were seen throughout this time period, and factories began sprouting across all of Europe. Factories centralized the production of food and common goods resulting in increased migration to cities.  All sorts of people ,including farmers who were driven out of work, headed to urbanized areas in search of new jobs that sprouted due to the incredible innovations developed during the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution had a prodigious impact on migration from 1750-1900.

 

Sources: 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

What were the causes of World population growth?

During the times of the Industrial Revolution, the world population saw a great increase. Scholars and historians attribute this population increase to numerous factors. One of these points is the better medical care established at the time. In the early seventeenth century, the population grew about fifty seven percent to 700 million and over one billion by the early eighteenth century. Another, yet similar point, is the increased use of natural and manmade resources, energy, food, housing and land. In turn, this population increase caused a higher need of many of these resources, showing that many things in the world are connected and feeding off one another.

    The production of new pills at a factory

    An image showing one of the many inventionstyatbincreased efficiency (cotton)

Sources:

"World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC."World Population - Causes of Growth - Learn More - Our Changing Planet - UMAC. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration?

The mass migration of people during the Industrial revolution had many social effects on many areas. One such effect of this mass migration to cities such as Britain was an influx of new people. This new influx of people led to more jobs being filled. It also resulted in a new, varied demographic. People from all over were moving to industrial cities such as Britain, many of these people previous Agricultuarists. Evidence of this new influx of people into towns can be seen in the population growth of the English city of Manchester, who grew by over 20,000 in the late eighteenth century.

An image of a Manchester racetrack in the nineteenth century

Likewise, the mass migration of people had numerous economic effects. One of the more obvious effects (the increase of wealth due to population increase) is often debated. People don't know whether or not this early migration of people to towns like Britain was good or bad. This influx of people however filled the position for skill shortages. The economic effects could've also affected the country that the settlers were leaving as the migration would cause a massive decrease in productivity of the leaving state.

British workers of the nineteenth century working on the train tracks

One of the many political effects of the migration was the estabalization of worker unions. These unions were established by many of the new settlers. The main purpose for their establishment was to request higher pay and better treatment due to the danger of many early industrial jobs. Many of the leading officials of these worker unions gained prominent roles in the world of politics.

One of the deadly jobs done in early industrial times (seperating ore from rock)

Sources:

"Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging    Issues: Policy Research Working Papers." Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development: A Review of Evidence and Emerging Issues: Policy Research Working Papers. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods?

"we take the liberty of writing to you again upon the subject of emigration to America for we are quite tired of this country... For the thought of being ushered into the workhouse with our wives and children and the miseries of starvation and poverty make us quite tired of our native land. For we know that we cannot be worse off than we already are. ( 

Migration dramatically increased from 1750 to 1900 due to many factors. 

Work- One of the largest reasons people moved was to find new work when previous occupations failed to provide the necessary wealth required to live life to one's standards. 

Punishment- Sometimes prisoners were forced to migrate such as British criminals who were shipped off to the prison colony of Australia. The Americas became a popular site to send prisoners from Europe as well.

Religion- Europeans grew tired of being forced to follow the official religions of the countries they resided in. Many people escaped their religious obligations by migrating to new places such as the colonies of the Americas which eventually led to the formation of specific religion based states. A perfect example would be the Quakers who largely contributed to the founding of the state of Pennsylvania. 

Thousands of foreigners migrated into the United States during this time period because of all three of these factors. This is what gave the United States its nickname "The Melting Pot".

Overall from the time period of 1750-1900, the world saw a huge amount of migration due to new wealth opportunities such as the California Gold Rush, crime that led to the exportation of prisoners, and religious freedom in the Americas.

Sources:  

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/

      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.